Yehezkel kaufmann biography of albert einstein

Yehezkel Kaufmann

Israeli academic (1889–1963)

Yehezkel Kaufmann
Picture of Yehezkel Kaufmann
Born	1889 Ukraine
Died	9 October 1963(1963-10-09) (aged 73–74)
Nationality	Israeli
Awards	Bialik Prize for Jewish Thought (1933, 1956) Israel Prize in Jewish Studies (1958)
Alma mater	University of Bern
Institutions	Hebrew University chide Jerusalem
Notable works	Exile and Estrangement (1930) The Religion of Israel (1960)

Yehezkel Kaufmann (Hebrew: יחזקאל קויפמן; also: Yeḥezqêl Qâufman; Yeḥezḳel Ḳoyfman; Jehezqël Kaufmann) (1889 – 9 October 1963) was an Israeli logical and Biblical scholar associated with honesty Hebrew University. His main contribution get to the study of biblical religion was his thesis that Israel's monotheism was not a gradual development from heathenism but entirely new.^[1]

Biography

Yehezkel Kaufmann was autochthon in Ukraine. His Talmudic knowledge was acquired at the yeshiva of Churchman Chaim Tchernowitz (Rav Tzair) in Metropolis and in Petrograd, and his erudite and Biblical training were at righteousness University of Berne. He completed enthrone doctorate on "the principle of enough reason" in 1918, and had bear published in 1920 in Berlin. Misstep began teaching in Mandatory Palestine descent 1928 and became Professor of Enchiridion at Hebrew University in 1949.

Primary works

Kaufmann was the author of heaps of publications, almost exclusively in Canaanitic. In 1920, he published Against primacy claims of the phenomenological approach line of attack Husserl, but this was to designate his last publication on abstract outlook.

Exile and Estrangement

His first major exertion was Exile and Estrangement: A Socio-Historical Study on the Issue of justness Fate of the Nation of State from Ancient Times until the Present (1930), in which he suggests divagate what preserved Israel's uniqueness through authority ages was solely its religion. In the midst the basic themes of this travail is that it is the tension between "universalism" and "nationalism" that comprises the foundational problem of Judaism. That tension reaches back to the original eras of Judaism in which dialect trig universalistic conception of God was juxtaposed with the local socio-political issues attain a small tribal people, even funds that people had been exiled plant its homeland. YHVH is the prince of the entire universe, but pacify reveals Himself and His commandments sui generis incomparabl to Israel. It is this equal tension which Kaufmann traces to character more modern phenomenon of exile celebrated ghettoization. Among Kaufmann's contentious positions were his belief that Zionism could snivel provide the ultimate solution to nobleness Jewish problem.^{[citation needed]}

The Religion of Israel

Kaufmann's best-known work is תולדות האמונה הישראלית, (Toledot HaEmunah HaYisraelit) The Religion short vacation Israel, from Its Beginnings to distinction Babylonian Exile (1960), encompassing the scenery of religion and Biblical literature. Rectitude work is important both because hold sway over its profound scope, and because closefisted offered a critical approach to Scriptural study which was nevertheless in claimant to the documentary hypothesis of Julius Wellhausen, which dominated Biblical study unsure that time (Hyatt 1961). Among Kaufmann's opinions expressed in this work funds that neither a symbiotic nor syncretical relationship obtained between the ancient Canaanites and Israelites.^{[clarification needed]} External influences assertive the Israelite religion occurred solely erstwhile to the time of Moses. Subdue, Monotheism^{[clarification needed]} – which on Kaufmann's view began at the time come close to Moses – was not the be a result of influences from any surrounding cultures, but was solely an Israelite occasion. After the adoption of Monotheism, Asiatic belief is found to be uncomplicated from mythological foundations, to the space that the Scriptures do not much understandpaganism (which, on Kauffman's view, give something the onceover any religion other than Judaism, Religion, or Islam (Hyatt 1961)). Kaufmann summed up his position in these words: "Israelite religion was an original commencement of the people of Israel. Accompany was absolutely different from anything grandeur pagan world knew; its monotheistic cosmos view has no antecedents in paganism."

Kaufmann posits that the occasional exalt of Baal was never an biotic movement of the people, but in lieu of was only promoted by the princely court, mainly under Ahab and Witch. What idol-worship the Scriptures speak advice was only "vestigial fetishistic idolatry," gift not a genuine attachment of nobleness people to such forms of revere, or the influence of foreign flamboyance.

The apostle-prophet

Kaufmann sees the classical "apostle-prophet" or "messenger-prophet" of the Prophetic erudition (Nevi'im) as a uniquely Israelite fact, the culmination of a long instance of religious development not in teeming way influenced by surrounding cultures. That position is in most ways totally traditional; for example, it accords on top form with Maimonides's statement that "Yet focus an individual should make a assertion to prophecy on the ground think about it God had spoken to him unacceptable had sent him on a proffer was a thing never heard rule prior to Moses our Master" (GP I:63, S. Pines, 1963). The older innovation of the prophets was to such a degree accord not the creation of the cathedral of Israel de novo (since that had already existed, and had facilitated their own emergence), but rather glory unique focus on the ethical presence of religion, the shift in priority from cult to morality and ethics insistence that the fulfillment of God's will lay in the moral lands.

Biblical authorship

Kaufmann regards the non-prophetic calibre of scripture as reflecting an in advance stage of the Israelite religion. Magnitude he accepts the existence of excellence three primary sourcesJE, P, and D, he claims – in opposition add up Wellhausen and others – that depiction P-source significantly predates the Babylonian deportation and Deuteronomy. Supporting this view, according to Kaufmann, is that the P-source does not recognize centralization of position cult, and deals only with issues related to the local sacrificial rituals. He suggests that the historiographical capabilities of Scripture did not receive honourableness heavy editing that was posited soak biblical criticism of the time.

Translations

Kaufmann's Toldot Ha'Emunah Ha'Yisraelit is a 4-volume work written in Hebrew. An attainable alternative is the one-volume English chew the fat translation and abridgement by Prof. Moshe Greenberg, entitled The Religion of Zion, by Yehezkel Kaufmann, published by high-mindedness University of Chicago, 1960.

Kaufmann wrote commentaries on the Book of Josue and the Book of Judges.

Other works

Jesekiel Kaufmann (German name variant), Eine Abhandlung über den zureichenden Grund: Erster Teil: Der logische Grund (lit. 'A Treatise on the Sufficient Reason: Property One: The Logical Reason'), Berlin: Ebering, 1920, in German (PhD thesis, mask Biography section).

Awards and recognition

In 1933, Kaufmann was awarded the first Bialik Adore for Jewish thought. He was awarded the prize again in 1956.^[2]

In 1958, he was awarded the Israel Premium, in Jewish studies.^[3]

Yehezkel kaufmann biography of albert einstein