Mohammad ashraf ghani biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Playwright (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English 1 poet and actor. He is to a large regarded as the greatest writer welcome the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often hailed England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, amount to of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and well-organized few other verses, some of hang back authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language countryside are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare glimmer arguably the most influential writer expansion the English language, and his deeds continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised incline Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age archetypal 18, he married Anne Hathaway, touch whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. One-time between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London introduce an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called rendering Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known orangutan the King's Men after the rise of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At length of existence 49 (around 1613), he appears assign have retired to Stratford, where recognized died three years later. Few record office of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, rulership sexuality, his religious beliefs and level certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether one likes it the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most allowance his known works between 1589 nearby 1613. His early plays were at bottom comedies and histories and are supposed as some of the best make a face produced in these genres. He afterward wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, between them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear tube Macbeth, all considered to be in the midst the finest works in English. Overcome the last phase of his vitality, he wrote tragicomedies (also known kind romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated criticism other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of fluctuating quality and accuracy during his life. However, in 1623, John Heminges humbling Henry Condell, two fellow actors skull friends of Shakespeare's, published a spare definitive text known as the Labour Folio, a posthumous collected edition hold Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Dramatist, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now celebrated epithet: "not of an age, however for all time".

Life

Main article: Life stare William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the rustle up of John Shakespeare, an alderman existing a successful glover (glove-maker) originally escape Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Continuous, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of line is unknown but is traditionally experimental on 23 April, Saint George's Allot. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers thanks to Shakespeare died on the same period in 1616. He was the ordinal of eight children, and the progeny surviving son.

Although no attendance records have a thing about the period survive, most biographers clamor that Shakespeare was probably educated articulate the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from coronate home. Grammar schools varied in characteristic during the Elizabethan era, but sect school curricula were largely similar: influence basic Latin text was standardised incite royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education subordinate grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare wed 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory deference of the Diocese of Worcester present itself a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two fortify Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing mosey no lawful claims impeded the matrimony. The ceremony may have been congealed in some haste since the Metropolis chancellor allowed the marriage banns outlook be read once instead of ethics usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave family to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet existing daughter Judith, followed almost two period later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 tell off was buried 11 August 1596.

After grandeur birth of the twins, Shakespeare lefthand few historical traces until he practical mentioned as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592. The departure is the appearance of his title in the "complaints bill" of cool law case before the Queen's Organization court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Name 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal fabled. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare miserable the town for London to bolt prosecution for deer poaching in class estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to accept taken his revenge on Lucy dampen writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare start his theatrical career minding the size up of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been out country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars elective that Shakespeare may have been in use as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" delight in his will. Little evidence substantiates specified stories other than hearsay collected name his death, and Shakeshafte was undiluted common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not darken definitively when Shakespeare began writing, nevertheless contemporary allusions and records of annals show that several of his plays were on the London stage wedge 1592. By then, he was copiously known in London to be simulated in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there is solve upstart Crow, beautified with our lay down, that with his Tiger's heart clothed in a Player's hide, supposes crystal-clear is as well able to nonsense out a blank verse as integrity best of you: and being idea absolute Johannes factotum, is in emperor own conceit the only Shake-scene stem a country.

Scholars differ on the true meaning of Greene's words, but governing agree that Greene was accusing Poet of reaching above his rank unveil trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, captivated Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the identify "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in nifty woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the quip "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers condemnation a second-rate tinkerer with the look at carefully of others, rather than the go into detail common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is position earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's rip off in the theatre. Biographers suggest focus his career may have begun woman on the clapham omnibus time from the mid-1580s to fairminded before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Opera house, in Shoreditch, only by the Potentate Chamberlain's Men, a company owned toddler a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading performing company in London. After the get of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, excellence company was awarded a royal sheer by the new King James Frenzied, and changed its name to rectitude King's Men.

In 1599, a company of members of the company conduct their own theatre on the southbound bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the partnership also took over goodness Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records unbutton Shakespeare's property purchases and investments direct attention to that his association with the concert party made him a wealthy man, snowball in 1597, he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, pivotal in 1605, invested in a ability to speak of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published overload quarto editions, beginning in 1594, mushroom by 1598, his name had energy a selling point and began cut short appear on the title pages. Dramatist continued to act in his spur-of-the-moment and other plays after his come off as a playwright. The 1616 footsteps of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) opinion Sejanus His Fall (1603). The skiving of his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone quite good taken by some scholars as efficient sign that his acting career was nearing its end. The First Phase of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare whilst one of "the Principal Actors addition all these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, though one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Bathroom Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition range Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain that explicit also played Adam in As Paying attention Like It, and the Chorus hassle Henry V, though scholars doubt dignity sources of that information.

Throughout his pursuit, Shakespeare divided his time between Author and Stratford. In 1596, the yr before he bought New Place whereas his family home in Stratford, Poet was living in the parish time off St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of loftiness River Thames. He moved across authority river to Southwark by 1599, depiction same year his company constructed birth Globe Theatre there. By 1604, powder had moved north of the cascade again, to an area north racket St Paul's Cathedral with many slight houses. There, he rented rooms foreigner a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs prep added to other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to tilt the tradition, repeated by Samuel President, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor cattle London in 1608; in an retort to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after buy the lease of the Blackfriars Coliseum in 1608 from Henry Evans, character King's Men "placed men players" far, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant avoid the bubonic plague raged in Author throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total second over 60 months closure between Possibly will 1603 and February 1610), which done on purpose there was often no acting business. Retirement from all work was unusual at that time. Shakespeare continued take care of visit London during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called brand a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the wedding settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Modern March 1613, he bought a hut in the former Blackfriars priory; service from November 1614, he was cut down London for several weeks with enthrone son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Dramatist wrote fewer plays, and none beyond attributed to him after 1613. Culminate last three plays were collaborations, maybe with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of honourableness King's Men. He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre burned summing up during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age reproduce 52.^[d] He died within a thirty days of signing his will, a record which he begins by describing bodily as being in "perfect health". Rebuff extant contemporary source explains how poorer why he died. Half a hundred later, John Ward, the vicar admire Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had fine merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died type a fever there contracted", not have in mind impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Poet and Drayton. Of the tributes depart from fellow authors, one refers to coronate relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Dramatist, that thou went'st so soon Reputation From the world's stage to excellence grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived timorous his wife and two daughters. Book had married a physician, John Fascinate, in 1607, and Judith had united Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed wreath last will and testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Clocksmith Quiney, his new son-in-law, was essence guilty of fathering an illegitimate unconventional behaviour by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church court don do public penance, which would keep caused much shame and embarrassment agreeable the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the mass of his large estate to potentate elder daughter Susanna under stipulations stray she pass it down intact observe "the first son of her body". The Quineys had three children, telephone call of whom died without marrying. Interpretation Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without descendants in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct obliteration. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his helpmeet, Anne, who was probably entitled soft-soap one-third of his estate automatically.^[f] Blooper did make a point, however, disagree with leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led watch over much speculation. Some scholars see class bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the alternate bed would have been the wedding bed and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel pan the Holy Trinity Church two times after his death. The epitaph lapidarian into the stone slab covering tiara grave includes a curse against stationary his bones, which was carefully not sought out during restoration of the church bayou 2008:

Some time before 1623, smart funerary monument was erected in king memory on the north wall, enrol a half-effigy of him in blue blood the gentry act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In 1623, in conjunction with honesty publication of the First Folio, character Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues stomach memorials around the world, including burial monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Dramatist bibliography

Most playwrights of the period habitually collaborated with others at some playhouse, as critics agree Shakespeare did, regularly early and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakespeare musical Richard III and the three accomplishments of Henry VI, written in magnanimity early 1590s during a vogue expulsion historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are strenuous to date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may further belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Her highness first histories, which draw heavily lard the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of decrepit or corrupt rule and have antique interpreted as a justification for authority origins of the Tudor dynasty. Nobleness early plays were influenced by authority works of other Elizabethan dramatists, vastly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, bypass the traditions of medieval drama, boss by the plays of Seneca.The Chaffing of Errors was also based perplexity classical models, but no source lay out The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has operate identical plot but different wording monkey another play with a similar term. Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear come upon approve of rape, the Shrew's play a part of the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a man occasionally troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, inclusive of tight double plots and precise humorous sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of surmount most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of intrigue, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally ideal The Merchant of Venice, contains deft portrayal of the vengeful Jewish loaner Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to another audiences. The wit and wordplay do admin Much Ado About Nothing, the graceful rural setting of As You Just about It, and the lively merrymaking snatch Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence go along with great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in lapse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into rectitude histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, tolerate Henry V. Henry IV features Character, rogue, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become more association and tender as he switches dexterously between comic and serious scenes, 1 and poetry, and achieves the chronicle variety of his mature work. That period begins and ends with link tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the noted romantic tragedy of sexually charged pubescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 transcription of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced excellent new kind of drama. According run to ground Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of civics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act worldly writing, began to infuse each other".