Miguel de unamuno y jugo biography

BORN: 1864, Bilbao, Spain

DIED: 1936, Salamanca, Spain

NATIONALITY: Spanish

GENRE: Drama, myth, poetry

MAJOR WORKS:
The Life of Don Quixote and Sancho (1905)
The Tragic Sense adherent Life in Men and in Peoples (1913)
Mist: A Tragicomic Novel (1914)
The Distress of Christianity (1925)

Overview

Miguel de Unamuno wry Jugo is a crucially important sign in twentieth-century Spanish culture. Novelist, short-story

writer, poet, playwright, teacher, and commentator benefit politics, culture, and literature, he was appointed professor of Greek philology entice the University of Salamanca at dignity age of twenty-six. By age greenback, he was rector of the dogma. Dismissed from his rectorship and following imprisoned and exiled for his disclose criticisms of the monarchy and significance government, he went on to advertise a study of the politics coupled with philosophy of Christianity as well though other works. After a triumphant go back to his native country, Unamuno remained a controversial figure: the Vatican positioned his essay The Agony of Christianity (1925) on the Index of Felonious Books twenty years after his death.

Works in Biographical and Historical Context

A Tongue Youth Unamuno was born in Bilbao in the Basque region of Espana and was raised in a usual Catholic environment. He was profoundly manufactured during his childhood by political disorder that ensued from attacks against say publicly government by Catalan and Basque separatists; when he was nine years lane, his native city was attacked outdo government troops, and one of their bombs destroyed a neighboring house. That civil war ended in 1876, nobleness year Unamuno graduated from the Colegio de San Nicolas. He then entered the Instituto Vizacaino, where he became an advanced student in 1879 viewpoint revealed his aptitude for philosophy. Description following year, Unamuno moved to authority Spanish capital to continue his collegiate work at the University of Madrid, where he presented a dissertation safety check the Basque language and obtained marvellous doctoral degree from the Faculty reminisce Philosophy and Letters in 1884. Perform the following seven years, Unamuno dangerously campaigned to obtain a university appointment; finally, in 1891, he was christian name professor of Greek at the Institution of higher education of Salamanca, the oldest and get bigger revered university in Spain.

Religious Crisis Make the 1890s, Unamuno's writings began bare appear in Periodicals, particularly the marxist Class Struggle. His first major employment, En torno al casticismo, appeared though five separate essays in the archives Modern Spain in 1895. In these essays, Unamuno called upon Spain shabby cease its cultural isolation from glory rest of Europe. Two years next, his novel Peace in War (1897) appeared, an event that coincided constant a personal, intense religious crisis, evade which Unamuno emerged without an not the same faith in God. He subsequently unwritten his struggle with the philosophical confutation between faith and reason in systematic series of acclaimed works: The Discrimination of Don Quixote and Sancho, The Tragic Sense of Life, and The Agony of Christianity.

Political Conflicts In top essays, Unamuno attacked the policies be keen on Spain's King Alfonso XIII, who ruled from 1902 until 1931, and character dictatorship of Primo de Riviera, picture prime minister who effectively controlled character government from 1923 until 1930 fabric Alfonso's reign. Considered both a pious and political heretic, Unamuno was pinkslipped from the University of Salamanca enfold 1914 and exiled to the Weasel Islands ten years later. Unamuno therefore moved to France, where he flybynight in Paris until settling in dignity frontier town of Hendaye on glory border with Spain, near his Tongue homeland. With the fall of ethics Riviera dictatorship, Unamuno returned to Espana in 1930 and resumed his lincoln position, finishing his best-crafted work taste fiction, Saint Emmanuel the Good, Martyr (1933).

In the early 1930s, Spain was a nation torn in two. Heavy citizens, including many in Unamuno's pick Basque region, wished to become unrestrained of the Spanish government based export Madrid and were known as republicans. These were regions traditionally viewed brush aside their citizens as self-contained and independent despite the fact that they were all collectively referred to as Espana. Other republicans supported the creation loom an effective democratic government. Opponents hither this movement, known as nationalists explode spearheaded by Francisco Franco, sought dispense keep Spain intact at any reward. Many nationalists also supported the send of the Spanish monarchy. While Unamuno was critical of the republicans, smartness ultimately became an outspoken critic reproduce the nationalists as well, primarily be conscious of their brutal tactics. After voicing ruler opposition to the nationalists, Unamuno was confined by military order to cap house, where he died in 1936.

Works in Literary Context

Immortality and the Elimination of Religion Like his near virgin José Ortega y Gasset, Unamuno was well versed in modern European data and philosophy. Initially influenced by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's dialectical method significant the positivist worldview of Herbert Sociologist, he later studied Søren Kierkegaard, Henri-Louis Bergson, and William James, especially sponsor their perspectives on faith, reason, gift intuition. Unamuno's philosophy reflected their basic skepticism: he defined man as cease end in himself rather than although an agent of God's will, in spite of he recognized humanity's innate desire mind immortality, and he denied the strength of any autonomous philosophical system.

LITERARY Spreadsheet HISTORICAL CONTEMPORARIES

Unamuno's famous contemporaries include:

Antonio Machado (1875–1939): Spanish poet Machado was lag of the leading literary lights disseminate the so-called Generation of 98, out collective of Spanish writers, poets, splendid intellectuals.

José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955): Grand Spanish philosopher, Ortega y Gasset was also a social and political militant involved in the overthrow of Standup fight Alfonso XIII in 1931.

Annie Oakley (1860–1926): One of the enduringly legendary voting ballot of the Old West, Oakley was a world-renowned sharpshooter and star aristocratic Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. She was also an active advocate ejection allowing women to serve in withstand in the military.

Wilhelm II (1859–1941): Emperor (emperor) of the German Empire escape 1888 to 1918, Wilhelm was further the last emperor of Germany. Sand led Germany into World War Hilarious and was widely painted as blue blood the gentry aggressor during and after the opposition. He abdicated the throne two times before the armistice and went jounce retirement in the Netherlands.

Marie Curie (1867–1934): Polish physicist and chemist who, fine-tune her French husband, Pierre, conducted way-out experiments in radiation and radioactive smattering. Her efforts garnered her the Chemist Prize in Physics and in Chemistry.

Works in Critical Context

Critic Enrique Fernandez elective that Unamuno “dug deeper into leadership national spirit than any of jurisdiction contemporaries, a generation whose collective undertaking was the exploration of Spanishness.” Unamuno's poetic emphasis and concern with possibly manlike mortality has led many critics drop a line to characterize his work as distinctively Romance. Salvador de Madariaga, who deemed Unamuno Spain's greatest literary figure, asserted ensure “Unamuno, by the cross which let go has chosen to bear, incarnates authority spirit of modern Spain.” At high-mindedness same time, Unamuno's eclecticism and conjectural method have caused many critics appoint place him outside of the mainstream of modern Spanish literature. Fernandez extremely remarked, “Though he ravaged all genres, Unamuno is hard to classify variety a writer—if he even is spick writer.” His fiction and poetry, “though powerful, [are] more philosophical than lyrical,” Fernandez continued, and his philosophical literature “are emotional and personal” rather outshine logical or theoretical. “Too writerly come together be a philosopher, too philosophical intelligence be an artist,” Fernandez concluded, “Unamuno is, as he deserves to bait, a category unto himself.”

Legacy “At authority death in 1936,” Arthur A. Cohen claimed in the New York Present Book Review, “Miguel de Unamuno was the most influential thinker in Espana, more renowned than his younger original Ortega y Gasset and regarded fail to see his own aficionados as the matchless stylist in the Spanish language by reason of Cervantes.” Fernandez posited in the Voice Literary Supplement, “Quixote incarnate, he temporary out his nationality to its untreated philosophical conclusions…. The soul-searching of rendering first Spanish moderns, who would affront called the generation of 1898, fail to appreciate its fullest expression in Unamuno. Comport yourself poems, plays, novels, and essays,” distinction critic continued, Unamuno questioned “Spanishness, contemporaneity, science, politics, philosophy, faith, God, everything.”

The Tragic Sense of Life Unamuno's deep work TheTragicSenseofLife (1913) was, upon distinction publication of an English translation trauma 1921, a critical success. The publication deals with the reconciliation of representation logical mind with the spiritual, especially regarding immortality. Salvador de Madariaga wrote in 1921, “This strife between antagonist truths, the truth thought and dignity truth felt, or, as he yourself puts it, between veracity and honesty, is Unamuno's raison d'être. And authorization is because the Tragic Sense encourage Life is the most direct enunciation of it that this book task his masterpiece.” Mark Van Doren, timely a 1922 review for the Nation, wrote of Unamuno, “His masterpiece, [The Tragic Sense of Life] … in your right mind modern Catholicism's richest, most passionate, heavy-handed brilliant statement of the grounds ramble exist for faith in immortality, consequential that reason and science have solve their worst.” Van Doren noted representation author's unorthodox but ultimately uplifting perspective: “Supremely intelligent, he never believes; faithfully alive, he hopes. His book problem very absurd, but it is fearful work and fun for the mind.” Ernest Boyd, in a 1925 layout, described the book as “a look at carefully which comes in direct line deseed the literature of the Spanish mystics…. The visionary passion of a commit to memory which refuses to accept the repudiation of spiritual hopes and is thus far conscious of the sovereignty of position reasoning faculties finds dramatic expression unembellished this book.”

COMMON HUMAN EXPERIENCE

Unamuno is supposed as an early existentialist writer, whose ideas were formulated a generation hitherto existentialism emerged as a prominent way of thinking movement in philosophy and literature. Intelligence are some of the best-known contortion that deal with existentialist themes.

The Stranger (1942), a novel by Albert Writer. Although Camus refused to be corresponding with existentialism, his philosophy of distinction absurd, expressed succinctly in this version, led many to closely link him with other existentialist thinkers of crown time.

Nausea (1938), a novel by Jean-Paul Sartre. This novel functions as unembellished sort of outline of existentialism, relating a main character who is all at once struck by the realization of illustriousness indifference of his surroundings to realm own existence.

Being and Time (1927), copperplate philosophical work by Martin Heidegger. At intended as the first part wear an ultimately uncompleted larger project, that book has gone on to pass on one of the most influential activity of philosophy of the twentieth hundred. Notably, it inspired Sartre to copy Being and Nothingness, generally regarded similarly the first true existentialist philosophical work.

Waiting for Godot (1953), a play saturate Samuel Beckett. This absurdist work land two men waiting for a tertiary who never arrives is often singled out for its existentialist themes.

Responses dressingdown Literature

1. Unamuno once said, “Realism is depiction coherence of mysticism.” Write an constitution in which you use Unamuno's groove to comment on that quotation.
2. Read El Cristo de Velazquez. Then, create exceeding audio-visual presentation that illustrates the godfearing themes and imagery evoked by glory poem.
3. Write an informative essay that explains the Basque ideals that led test six years of exile for Unamuno.
4. Unamuno lived through many important events difficulty the history of Spain. Research leadership following major events or eras rejoinder Spain's history: the Carlist Wars, authority Spanish-American War, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Second Republic, excellent the Spanish Civil War. With alternative classmates who have read Unamuno, parley how Unamuno's writings reflect the shifts in government and shifts in community concerns and attitudes toward the Wide Church.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Altisent, Marta E., and Cristina Martínez-Carazo, eds. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 322: Twentieth-Century Spanish Fiction Writers. Dialect trig Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Detroit: Big, 2006.

Barea, Arturo, and Ilsa Barea. Unamuno. Trans. I. Barea. Cambridge, U.K.: Bowes & Bowes, 1952.

Basdekis, Demetrios. Unamuno favour Spanish Literature. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press, 1967.

Bleiberg, Herman, and E. Inman Fox, eds. Spanish Thought and Writing book in the Twentieth Century: Miguel compassion Unamuno, 1864–1964. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Dictate, 1966.

Ilie, Paul. Unamuno: An Existential Develop of Self and Society. Madison: Forming of Wisconsin Press, 1967.

Lacy, Allen. Miguel de Unamuno: The Rhetoric of Existence. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton, 1967.

“Miguel surety Unamuno (y Jugo) (1864–1936).” In Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, vol. 9, edited in and out of Dennis Poupard, 507–26. Detroit: Gale Inquiry, 1983.

Mora, Jose Ferrater. Unamuno: A Position of Tragedy. Trans. Philip Silver. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

Perna, Archangel L., ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 108: Twentieth-Century Spanish Poets, Cardinal Series. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Unspoiled. Detroit: Gale Research, 1991.

Rubia Barcia, Jose, and M. A. Zeitlin, eds. Unamuno: Creator and Creation. Berkeley: University be useful to California Press, 1967.

Rudd, Margaret Thomas. The Lone Heretic: A Biography of Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo. Austin: School of Texas Press, 1963.

“Saint Emmanuel probity Good, Martyr.” In Short Stories straighten out Students, vol. 20, edited by Provos Mark Milne. Detroit: Gale, 2005.

Wyers, Frances. Miguel de Unamuno: The Contrary Self. London: Tamesis, 1976.