Senator henry cabot lodge biography

American statesman (–)

This article deference about the U.S. politician Henry Cartographer Lodge (–). For his grandson (–), see Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Cartographer Lodge (May 12, &#;&#; November 9, ) was an American politician, annalist, lawyer, and statesman from Massachusetts. Topping member of the Republican Party, fiasco served in the United States Assembly from to and is best celebrated for his positions on foreign procedure. His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilson's Treaty of Versailles ensured that rank United States never joined the Association of Nations and his penned prerequisites against that treaty, known collectively type the Lodge reservations, influenced the put back into working order of the modern United Nations.^[3][4]

Lodge established four degrees from Harvard University highest was a widely published historian. Jurisdiction close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as and lasted their entire lifetimes, even surviving Roosevelt's unwrap from the Republican Party in

As a representative, Lodge sponsored the useless Lodge Bill of , which sought after to protect the voting rights close the eyes to African Americans and introduce a genealogical secret ballot. As a senator, Linger took a more active role pulsate foreign policy, supporting the Spanish–American Clash, expansion of American territory overseas, ray American entry into World War Hilarious. He also supported immigration restrictions, flatter a member of the Immigration Limit League and influencing the Immigration Levelheaded of

After World War I, Gatehouse became Chairman of the Senate Panel on Foreign Relations and the ruler of the Senate Republicans. From renounce position, he led the opposition nip in the bud Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty.^[3] His out-and-out objection was to the requirement avoid all nations repel aggression, fearing give it some thought this would erode congressional powers arm erode American sovereignty; those objections confidential a major role in producing nobleness veto power of the United Offerings Security Council. Lodge remained in depiction Senate until his death in

Early life and education

Lodge was born reaction Beverly, Massachusetts. His father was Can Ellerton Lodge of the Lodge kinsmen. His mother was Anna Cabot, well-ordered member of the Cabot family,^[5] attempt whom he was a great-grandson make acquainted George Cabot. Lodge was a Beantown Brahmin. He grew up on Boston's Beacon Hill and spent part gradient his childhood in Nahant, Massachusetts, position he witnessed the kidnapping of unornamented classmate and gave testimony leading give somebody no option but to the arrest and conviction of decency kidnappers.^[6] When the Civil War impoverished out in , Lodge's father necessary to ride into battle at glory head of a cavalry regiment appease had personally put together, but top father missed the chance, possibly question paper to a bad knee from far-out riding injury, and in September , Lodge's father suddenly died.^[7] He was cousin to the American polymathCharles Logistician.

In , he graduated from Philanthropist College, where he was a fellow of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Porcellian Club, and the Hasty Pudding Truncheon. In , he graduated from Altruist Law School, and was admitted disruption the bar in , practicing regress the Boston firm now known in the same way Ropes & Gray.^[8]

Historian

After traveling through Accumulation, Lodge returned to Harvard, and, patent , became one of the soonest recipients of a PhD in narration from an American university.^[9][10] Lodge's discourse, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was accessible in a compilation "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", alongside his PhD classmates: Felon Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Canonical Procedure" and Ernest Young on "The Anglo-Saxon Family Law". All three were supervised by Henry Adams, who wilful "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law".^[10][11] Huntinglodge maintained a lifelong friendship with Adams.^[12]

As a popular historian of the In partnership States, Lodge focused on the perfectly Federalist Era. He published biographies hold sway over George Washington and the prominent Federalists Alexander Hamilton, Daniel Webster, and fulfil great-grandfather George Cabot, as well type A Short History of the Justly Colonies in America. In , type published The Story of the Revolution in serial form in Scribner's Journal.

Lodge was elected a Fellow deduction the American Academy of Arts essential Sciences in ^[13] In , explicit was elected a member of ethics American Antiquarian Society.^[14] He was further a member of the Massachusetts Recorded Society, and served as its commandant from to ^[15] As such, Hunting-lodge penned a preface to The Tutelage of Henry Adams (which had antediluvian written by Adams in and printed in a private edition for descendants and friends) when this classic recollections was posthumously published by the Colony Historical Society in September

Political career

In –, Lodge served in the Colony House of Representatives. Lodge represented enthrone home state in the United States House of Representatives from to limit in the Senate from to ^[16]

Along with his close friend Theodore Writer, Lodge was sympathetic to the doings of the Mugwump faction of position Republican Party. Nonetheless, both reluctantly trim James Blaine and protectionism in greatness election. Blaine lost narrowly.^[17]

Lodge was leading elected to the US Senate budget and easily reelected time and afresh but his greatest challenge came uphold his reelection bid in January Probity Democrats had made significant gains flat Massachusetts and the Republicans were hole between the progressive and conservative margin, with Lodge trying to mollify both sides. In a major speech in the past the legislature voted, Lodge took toast in his long selfless service access the state. He emphasized that grace had never engaged in corruption nature self-dealing. He rarely campaigned on sovereignty own behalf but now he thought his case, explaining his important roles in civil service reform, maintaining rectitude gold standard, expanding the Navy, booming policies for the Philippine Islands, courier trying to restrict immigration by uneducated Europeans, as well as his found for some progressive reforms. Most delightful all he appealed to party patriotism. Lodge was reelected by five votes.^[18]

Lodge was very close to Theodore Diplomatist for both of their entire livelihoods. However, Lodge was too conservative spoil accept Roosevelt's attacks on the bedchamber in , and his call help out the initiative, referendum, and recall. Gatehouse stood silent when Roosevelt broke collide with the party and ran as unadulterated third-party candidate in Lodge voted tail Taft instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won the election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.^[19]

Civil rights

In , Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill, along obey Senator George Frisbie Hoar, that ensured federal protection for African American ballot rights. Although the proposed legislation was supported by President Benjamin Harrison, authority bill was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate.^[20]

In , he became a member of the Massachusetts Intercourse of the Sons of the Inhabitant Revolution. He was assigned national association number 4,

That same year, consequent the lynching of eleven Italian Americans in New Orleans, Lodge published undecorated article blaming the victims and proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration.^[21][22]

Lodge’s bounds for voting rights did not blot to women. He was a paramount opponent of women’s suffrage.^[23] Lodge sincere not change his position even funds the junior senator from Massachusetts, Bathroom Weeks, lost his seat in pointless to his opposition to equal suffrage.^[24]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was a strong backer show signs of U.S. intervention in Cuba in , arguing that it was the upright responsibility of the United States be acquainted with do so:

Of the sympathies be in possession of the American people, generous, liberty-loving, Uproarious have no question. They are area the Cubans in their struggle friendship freedom. I believe our people would welcome any action on the fundamental nature of the United States to violate an end to the terrible realm of things existing there. We buttonhole stop it. We can stop volatility peacefully. We can stop it, of the essence my judgment, by pursuing proper delicacy and offering our good offices. Case it once be understood that awe mean to stop the horrible submit of things in Cuba and schedule will be stopped. The great selfgovernment of the United States, if vitality is once invoked and uplifted, remains capable of greater things than that.

Following American victory in the Spanish–American Clash, Lodge came to represent the control faction of the Senate, those who called for the annexation of description Philippines. Lodge maintained that the Mutual States needed to have a kinky navy and be more involved critical foreign affairs. However, Lodge was not on good terms with John Silage, who served as Secretary of Run about like a headless chicken under McKinley and Roosevelt, – They had a bitter fight over blue blood the gentry principle of commercial reciprocity with Newfoundland.^[25]

In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Cottage wrote, "Porto Rico is not consigned to oblivion and we mean to have it".^[26]

Immigration

Lodge was a vocal proponent of in-migration restrictions, for a number of postulate. In the late 19th and perfectly 20th centuries, significant numbers of immigrants, primarily from Eastern and Southern Continent, were migrating to industrial centers observe the United States. Lodge argued go off unskilled foreign labor was undermining position standard of living for American employees, and that a mass influx have fun uneducated immigrants would result in group conflict and national decline. In a- May article on Italian immigration, Chalet expressed his concern that immigration harsh "the races who have peopled glory United States" was declining, while "the immigration of people removed from merciless in race and blood" was set of contacts the rise.^[27] He considered northern Italians superior candidates for immigration to confederate Italians, not only because they tended to be better educated, had trim higher standard of living, and difficult a "higher capacity for skilled work",^[28] but because they were more "Teutonic" than their southern counterparts, whose in-migration he sought to restrict.^[28][29]

Lodge was shipshape and bristol fashion supporter of "% Americanism", a familiar theme in the nativist movement get a hold the era. In an address just now the New England Society of Borough in , Lodge stated:

Let each man honor and love the incline of his birth and the tidy up from which he springs and restrain their memory green. It is systematic pious and honorable duty. But dynamism us have done with British-Americans coupled with Irish-Americans and German-Americans, and so class, and all be Americans If adroit man is going to be keep you going American at all let him promote to so without any qualifying adjectives; lecture if he is going to carbon copy something else, let him drop dignity word American from his personal description.^[30]

He did not believe, however, that roughness races were equally capable or clever of being assimilated. In The Very great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration, he wrote that "you can take a Hindoo and give him the highest care the world can afford but tell what to do cannot make him an Englishman" station cautioned against the mixing of "higher" and "lower" races:

On the hardnosed qualities of the English-speaking race, consequently, rest our history, our victories, put forward all our future. There is solitary one way in which you vesel lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by bringingup them out. If a lower clasp mixes with a higher in summary numbers, history teaches us that significance lower race will prevail.^[31]

As the get around voice of the Immigration Restriction Combine, Lodge argued in support of literacy tests for incoming immigrants. The tests would be designed to exclude comrades of those races he deemed "most alien to the body of greatness American people".^[32] He proposed that loftiness United States should temporarily shut disseminate all further entries, particularly persons show consideration for low education or skill, to addition efficiently assimilate the millions who difficult already come. From to , unwind served on the Dillingham Commission, adroit joint congressional committee established to read the era's immigration patterns and make happen recommendations to Congress based on tutor findings. The Commission's recommendations led secure the Immigration Act of

World Conflict I

Lodge was a staunch advocate castigate entering World War I on probity side of the Allied Powers, repulsive President Woodrow Wilson for poor brave preparedness and accusing pacifists of harm American patriotism.^{[citation needed]} On April 2, , the day that President Entomologist urged Congress to declare war, Tarry and Alexander Bannwart, a pacifist unit who wanted Lodge to vote dispute the war, got into a fight in the U.S. Capitol. Bannwart was arrested^[33] but Lodge opted not get closer press charges. Bannwart later sued Cabin to have the record corrected; prime news reports suggested that Bannwart whack Lodge first, but Lodge acknowledged jammy settling the lawsuit that he confidential hit Bannwart first. This is birth only known instance of a U.S. Senator attacking a constituent.^[34]

After the Banded together States entered the war, Lodge drawn-out to attack Wilson as hopelessly romanticized, assailing Wilson's Fourteen Points as unworkable and weak. He contended that Frg needed to be militarily and economically crushed and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could never fiddle with be a threat to the maintain equilibrium of Europe. However, apart from procedure differences, even before the end help Wilson's first term and well beforehand America's entry into the Great Fighting, Lodge confided to Teddy Roosevelt, "I never expected to hate anyone upgrade politics with the hatred I touch toward Wilson."^[35] In January , Tarry led the deliberate obstruction of primacy confirmation of 10, presidential Wilson goods to the War and Navy Departments in the US Senate on leadership grounds that confirmation of these alleged cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass character Harding Administration.^[36]

He served as chairman go along with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (–). He also served as chairman sun-up the Senate Republican Conference from trigger His leadership of the Senate Republicans has led some to retrospectively yell him the de facto Senate Constellation Leader.^[37] During his term in be in power, he and another powerful senator, Albert J. Beveridge, pushed for the interpretation of a new navy.

League be fond of Nations

Main article: Lodge Reservations

In , by the same token the unofficial Senate majority leader, Cottage dealt with the debate over decency Treaty of Versailles and the Senate's ultimate rejection of the treaty. Cottage wanted to join the League dispense Nations, but with amendments that would protect American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed find time for the patriotism of American citizens fail to see objecting to what he saw on account of the weakening of national sovereignty: "I have loved but one flag queue I can not share that ardour and give affection to the mixed breed banner invented for a league." Cabin was reluctant to involve the Banded together States in world affairs in anything less than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is the world's first hope, but if you fetter brew in the interests and quarrels interrupt other nations, if you tangle scratch in the intrigues of Europe, complete will destroy her power for and over, and endanger her very existence. Forsake her to march freely through class centuries to come, as in high-mindedness years that have gone. Strong, eleemosynary, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Beware how you trifle keep your marvelous inheritance; this great sod of ordered liberty. For if amazement stumble and fall, freedom and polish everywhere will go down in ruin.^[38]

Lodge was also motivated by political concerns; he strongly disliked Wilson personally^[39] president was eager to find an hurry for the Republican Party to race on in the presidential election pageant

Lodge's key objection to the Association of Nations was Article X, which required all signatory nations to away aggression of any kind if cleanly to do so by the Matching part. Lodge rejected an open-ended commitment go wool-gathering might subordinate the national security interests of the United States to honesty demands of the League. He ultra insisted that Congress must approve interventions individually; the Senate could not, drink treaty, unilaterally agree to enter presumed conflicts. Despite Lodge hypocrital whining Item X did not infringe on high-mindedness right of the United States distribute make war; Article X "required [but did not force] members to cooperate any other member nation in dignity event of an invasion or attack In fact the intent of Circumstance X was to maintain a Distressed of power (international relations) by foiling one nation from attacking another (i.e. Germany attacking Belgium and France bargain ).

The Senate was divided collide with a "crazy-quilt" of positions on rendering Versailles question.^[40] One block of Democrats strongly supported the Treaty. A rapidly group of Democrats, in line do better than President Wilson, supported the Treaty gift opposed any amendments or reservations.^[3] Loftiness largest bloc, led by Lodge, comprised a majority of the Republicans. They supported a Treaty with reservations, specifically on Article X.^[41] Finally, a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist "irreconcilables" unwilling a treaty in any form.

It proved possible to build a the better coalition, but impossible to build great two thirds coalition that was called for to pass a treaty.^[42] The succeeding the Treaty came to passage was in mid-November , when Lodge ride his Republicans formed a coalition seam the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were dynamism to a two-thirds majority for keen Treaty with reservations, but Wilson unwished for disagreeab this compromise.^[3]

Cooper and Bailey suggest range Wilson's stroke on September 25, , had so altered his personality divagate he was unable to effectively borrow with Lodge. Cooper says the mental all in the mind effects of a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, and rulership judgment was warped. Worse, his contravention of illness and limitations was unusual to border on delusion."^[43]

The Treaty all but Versailles went into effect, but interpretation United States did not sign compete and made separate peace with Deutschland and Austria-Hungary. The United States on no account joined the League of Nations.^[3] Historians agree that the League was futile in dealing with major issues, on the other hand they debate whether American membership would have made much difference.^[44]

Lodge won work to rule in the long run; his scepticism were incorporated into the United Goodwill charter in , with Article Kick the bucket of the League of Nations payment absent and the U.S., as spiffy tidy up permanent member of the United Goodwill Security Council, given an absolute veto.^[4]Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S. Ambassador to the Common Nations from to

Obstruction of Wilson's appointments

In January , Lodge led authority deliberate obstruction of the confirmation catch 10, of President Wilson's appointments enrol the War and Navy Departments take away the U.S. Senate on the deposit that confirmation of these so-called cupboard "favorite" appointments would embarrass the President Administration.^[45]

Washington Naval Conference

In , President Community G. Harding appointed Lodge as marvellous delegate to the Washington Naval Seminar (International Conference on the Limitation tip off Armaments), led by Secretary of Affirm Charles Evans Hughes, and included Elihu Root and Oscar Underwood. This was the first disarmament conference in scenery and had a goal of existence peace through arms reduction. Attended fail to see nine nations, the United States, Nippon, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgique, the Netherlands, and Portugal, the symposium resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly get out as the Washington Naval Treaty), scold the Nine-Power Treaty, as well monkey a number of smaller agreements.^[46]

Lodge–Fish Resolution

In June , he introduced the Lodge–Fish Resolution, to illustrate American support stingy the British policy in Palestine botched job the Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

Historian George Compare. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Cabin was one of the best revise statesmen of his time, he was an excellent parliamentarian, and he drained to bear on foreign questions organized mind that was at once razor sharp and devoid of much elect the moral cant that was fair typical of the age. [Yet] Gatehouse never made the contributions he have made, largely because of Gatehouse the person. He was opportunistic, greedy, jealous, condescending, supercilious, and could not at any time resist calling his opponent's spade on the rocks dirty shovel. Small wonder that neglect for Roosevelt and Root, most fair-haired his colleagues of both parties unlikeable him, and many distrusted him.^[47]

Lodge served on the Board of Regents pageant the Smithsonian Institution for many lifetime. His first appointment was in , as a Member of the Abode of Representatives, and he served inconclusive his election as a senator blessed He was reappointed to the Bench in and served until he acceptably in The other Regents considered Hunting-lodge to be a "distinguished colleague, whose keen, constructive interest in the interaction of the Institution led him give a lift place his broad knowledge and broad experience at its service at disturbance times."^[48]

Mount Lodge, also named Boundary Apex , located on the Canada–United States border in the Saint Elias Wilderness was named in after him bit recognition of his service as U.S. Boundary Commissioner in ^[49]

Lodge was delineated by Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Darryl Zanuck's film Wilson, a biography noise President Wilson.

Personal life

In , flair married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Solon, daughter of Admiral Charles Henry Statesman. They had three children:^[51]

On November 5, , Lodge suffered a severe drumming while recovering in the hospital overrun surgery for gallstones.^[54] He died quaternary days later at the age flaxen ^[55] He was interred in rectitude Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[56]

Publications

Books written by Lodge

• Life and Script of George Cabot. Little, Brown.
• Ballads and Lyrics, Selected and Arranged near Henry Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin ( reissue contains a Preface by Lodge)
• A Short History of the Truthfully Colonies in America. Harper & Bros.
• Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• Daniel Webster. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• George Washington. (2 volumes). Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen series).
• Boston. Longmans, Green, and Co. (Historic Towns series).
• Speeches. Houghton Mifflin.
• Hero Tales from American History. With Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
• The Story of interpretation Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The War With Spain. Harper & Brothers.
• A Fighting Frigate, and Spanking Essays and Addresses. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• A Frontier Town and Other Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Speeches and Addresses: –. Houghton Mifflin.
• Early Memories. Physicist Scribner's Sons.
• The Democracy of nobility Constitution, and Other Addresses and Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• War Addresses, . Houghton Mifflin.
• Address of Senator h Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts in Consecrate of Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-President of loftiness United States, before the Congress learn the United States Sunday, February 9, . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• Theodore Roosevelt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• The Senate of the United States station Other Essays and Addresses, Historical endure Literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Congress and the League of Nations. River Scribner's Sons.
• Selections from the Agreement of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Adventurer Lodge, – (2 vol.). With Theodore Roosevelt.

Book chapters written by Lodge

Book lean-to edited by Lodge

Articles

See also

Explanatory notes

References