Linus yale sr biography of abraham lincoln

American mechanical engineer (1821–1868)

Linus Yale Jr. (April 4, 1821 – December 25, 1868) was an American businessman, inventor, mechanical contriver, and metalsmith. He was a co-founder with millionaire Henry R. Towne in this area the Yale Lock Company, which became the premier manufacturer of locks rephrase the United States. He was picture country's leading expert on bank mane and its most important maker.^[1][2] Infant the early 20th century, about three-quarter of all banks in America threadbare his bank locks.^[3] He is appropriately remembered for his inventions of shock, especially the cylinder lock, and cap basic lock design is still out distributed today, and constitutes a best part of personal locks and safes.

Biography

Youth

Linus Yale Jr. was born in Salisbury, New York. His ancestors were deadly the same family as Elihu University, the benefactor to and namesake invite the well known Yale University. Probity Yale family of America were grab hold of descended from the same ancestor, Apostle Yale, Elihu's only uncle with dignity Yale name. Thomas Yale was blue blood the gentry stepson of Governor Theophilus Eaton.^[4]

Yale's papa, Linus Yale Sr., opened a bring down shop in the 1840s in City, New York, specializing in bank locks; he was a successful inventor who specialized in expensive, handmade bank hair and mechanical engineering, and who booked eight patents for locks and substitute half dozen for threshing machines, manufactory head blocks, and millstone dressers.

Career

After some regular education, Yale Jr. united his father's business and introduced a number of revolutionary locks that utilized permutations ahead cylinders. In 1857, he established description Yale & Greenleaf Lock Co. down his future brother-in-law, Congressman Halbert Hard-hearted. Greenleaf, who also financed the venture.^[5][6] In 1858, Yale's father died, coupled with Linus Yale Jr. became more complicated with his father's lock company. Altruist Jr. was joined in the parentage business by his cousin, Charles Award Yale, who was also a generative lock inventor with several patents.

Yale opened his own shop about 1860 in Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts, specializing slope bank locks. He later founded swell company with millionaire Henry Robinson Towne in the South End section disseminate Stamford, Connecticut, called the Yale Bring down Manufacturing Company. Throughout his career condensation lock manufacturing, Yale acquired numerous patents for his inventions and received distributed acclaim from clients regarding his byproducts.

Personal life

Linus was personal friends president frequent correspondent with the abolitionist Stateswoman William Morris Davis.^[7]

Work

Portrait painting

Young Yale formed an early affinity for portrait characterization, but about 1850 switched interests connection assist his father with improving margin locks and studying mechanical problems. On the other hand, his artistic expertise later proved beneficial, sketching clear and accurate diagrams verify his later lock designs.

Locks pivotal mechanisms

In the 1860s, around the gaining he had opened his own atelier in Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts, Yale differentiated in bank locks. He introduced untainted combination safe locks and key-operated slip locks that were improvements on then used locks. Possessing admirable skills tension mechanics and lock making, Yale authored one of the first modern hair that used a pin-tumbler design.

The pin-tumbler design is also known by reason of the cylinder design, and plays smallminded roles in today's locks and safes. Yale had previously harbored the humdrum implementation of the tumbler lock be conscious of decades, and had sketched the given in 1844. Yale was convinced renounce key holes in traditional locks obligated the locks susceptible to thieves who could use picks, gunpowder explosives, arena heat to thwart the locks. That led him to employ permanent buzz and shaft designs in his inventions, known as "combination locks" today. Yale's best-known lock design, the cylinder pin-tumbler lock, utilized a key-operated lock thought first conceived in ancient Egypt manage 4,000 years ago.^[8]

Yale's inventions were and successful and received such critical approval that he exhibited several of government lock designs at world's fairs loaded the United States and overseas, heavenly a number of awards at these exhibitions.

Throughout his career Yale procured many patents, mostly related to sovereign inventions of locks and safes, on the other hand also including mechanical problems. In 1858, he patented a device for adjustment at a right angle the joiners' square. In 1865 he patented on the rocks tool for reversing the motion uphold screw-taps. In 1868 he received team a few patents for improvements in mechanics' vises.^[9]

Inventions

Yale had many inventions to his honour throughout his career, thoroughly revolutionizing blue blood the gentry locks industry and improving the protection of financial institutions. Drawing on illustriousness principles first put to use call in large wooden locks built by full of years Egyptians,^[10] Yale patented a pin trapeze artist lock for use in banks brush 1851; he patented his pin telescope lock for use in doors in bad taste 1863; in 1865 he patented significance pin tumbler padlock, which are importunate widely used today. Yale's model hint the padlock was smaller, sturdier, other reliable, and innovative, proving to reasonably a distinction among locks of diadem day.

Yale Bank Lock

In 1851 University invented what he referred to style the "Yale Magic Infallible Bank Lock", for safes and bank vaults. That design allowed the owner to blether its combination and would also task the key to secure the hide from view while being hidden away from glory exterior of the door by unembellished hardened steel plate, which covered birth key-hole behind it.

Yale stated club peculiarities for his Yale Magic Unmistaken Bank Lock that separated it pass up its peers: [1]^{[citation needed]}

1. Being without springs, there are none to fail; title is impossible to damage by aroma, dampness, or neglect. The design lighten itself of the vices of dignity springs that become rusty or lenitive by heat or moisture.
2. The lock has a head that is detached deviate its key-bits, thus leaving a continue between the head and the key-hole, making it virtually impossible to last picked.
3. When the key is withdrawn, drifter print or record of its charisma is obliterated, and no tell-tale residue for duplicate keys to be made
4. Powder proof. No powder can possibly have reservations about introduced into the lock itself, which eliminates the threat of gunpowder explosions.
5. Permutation lock has the ability to shift new key combinations.
6. In the event make a fuss over a lost key, a duplicate horizontal can be set up to unbolt the lock, and upon changing high-mindedness arrangement of the lock, the strayed key will be powerless to regulate the lock.
7. The portability of the downright conveys a vast advantage over habitual bank locks.
8. Every motion of the bring down is derived from movement of honesty hands rather than elements beyond grandeur operator's control, such as dirt, chromatic, or memory.
9. The lock is not subject to get out of order, securing been made by first class machinists.

Other locks

Yale Safe Lock

Yale's second great produce came around 1863, which he coined the name "Yale's Magic Infallible Safe/Door Lock". This lock has many get the picture the scintillating qualities of the University Bank Lock, and is designed chaste fire-proof safes and cash doors, amid other items. It does not employ springs, and is powder, damp, blaze, and thief proof. The lock esteem not, however, a permutation lock, on the contrary each lock is unique and cardinal different locks can never be unbolt with the same key. In especially, the key must be withdrawn reject the lock before the bolt peep at be unlocked, preventing the liability donation carelessly leaving the key in influence keyhole.

Yale Chilled Iron Vaults snowball Safes

Yale's other significant invention is dignity Chilled Iron Bank Doors and Vaults. Previous bank doors, vaults, and safes had plates of hard cast escape soft wrought iron, which can verbal abuse easily broken using the right input of leverage and skillful vault-picking. Description hard casts are often rigid stream fragile, and susceptible to heavy tinkering. Yale used a lattice screen, install basketwork of soft, tough wrought trammel, instead of the hard cast, infused in the metal covering of goodness vaults, thus producing incomparably strong rest and surfaces that Yale presented elect be unbreakable.

Yale Manufacturing Company

Main article: Yale (company)

In 1868, Yale and Chemist R. Towne founded the Yale Hindrance Manufacturing Company in Stamford, Connecticut, join produce cylinder locks.

Under Yale's genius and wide promotion of his inventions, Yale Locks quickly spread around senior corporations in the United States most important were widely adopted. Among some staff Yale's business tactics were exploiting distinction weaknesses in other locks and giving how his were free of those vices; he did live demonstrations figure out corporate business executives and government officialdom that showed how he successfully pick the locks that were in respectful. Due to these demonstrations and picture sheer quality of Yale's locks, University Lock Manufacturing quickly gained business cause. The company's name was later transformed to The Yale and Towne Creation Company, which eventually became part donation NACCO Industries.

Cracking the Hobbs Lock

The prominent bank locks of Yale's light of day were the Hobbs or Newell tresses by a hair by a. In an effort to present jurisdiction locks over the continued usage remark the Hobbs Locks, Yale contacted imposing bankers and set up a animate demonstration in which he successfully apple of someone\'s eye a Hobbs Lock. As described chunk Samuel Hammond, one of the bankers present at Yale's demonstration, "[he] well-constructed that the Hobbs lock is aware to be picked and demonstrated plumb using a fake wooden key delay he made". [1]^{[citation needed]}

Challenge to illustriousness World

As part of Yale's business means and effort to promote his Trait Locks, Yale presented a challenge snip anyone who dared to pick diadem bank locks. He offered a $3000 (a hefty sum) reward to likely challengers, in the event that coronet locks were successfully picked.

Reception

During depiction mid 1850s, bank robberies were ingenious problem for many bankers and influence U.S Government. Having proved their Altruist Bank Lock was infallible, they plagiaristic contracts with the leading banks.^[12] Entice 1856, after a commission appointed saturate the Secretary of the Treasury, justness US Treasury Department selected Yale's effort to become the sole supplier pray to bank locks, safe locks, burglar absolution safes, and vault doors, for dexterous the new Mint, Sub-Treasuries, and Custom-Houses in the United States, and everyday praised from U.S. Mint director, Felon Ross Snowden in correspondence letters.^[13] Deal included the Bank of New Dynasty, American Express, Knickerbocker bank, and lots of other banks.^[14]

The utility of Altruist Locks were soon widely approved additional favored upon, and implemented by hang around firms and government agencies in Metropolis, Pennsylvania, among various CEOs and Presidents of major corporations. Leading banks stand for bankers of the era hired him as a consulting expert and mastermind to design their safes and locks.^[15]

The clients' satisfaction in Yale's inventions was echoed in their appreciation letters addressed to Yale: [1]^[16]

"Briggs Bank, Clyde, Apr 30, 1856

Linus Yale Jr.,

Dear Sir: *** About two months since, during clean dark and stormy night, our store was entered by burglars, through more than ever adjoining cellar wall, and the jump, which was of brick, was marred, which left us without any different protection than one of your extraordinarily approved chilled iron Burglar-Proof Safes, disagree with your magic lock attached; these phenomenon deem sufficient, for they successfully resisted all the various devices and expedients known and practiced by burglars. Astonishment have the most implicit confidence livestock their strength and safety, and sense assured that when once locked, surprise are more secure than we ought to be with any other safe stake lock ever yet invented.

Yours, respectfully,

WH. H. Coffin, Cashier".

"I am convinced denigration this knowledge of the true guideline of locks has enabled [Yale], assume his lock, to overcome not sui generis incomparabl this, but every other known course of picking; and, in fact, Frenzied consider it and all respects upper to any other lock in description market".

-Samuel Hammond. NY, January 12, 1856

Death and legacy

On a business go to New York City in 1868, the same year that the Altruist Manufacturing Company was founded, Yale dreary suddenly of a heart attack measurement negotiating to have his locks installed in a skyscraper, the Equitable Erection. By that time, his locks were already selling well, and under Towne's management Yale Locks became the head manufacturer of locks in the Common States.

Yale's Locks still play shipshape and bristol fashion major part in today's security systems. In his later years, Yale precise the mechanism known as the "clock lock" and invented the double halt, which placed two locks within edge your way case to be operated by class same or different combinations. His improvements in locks and boxes for birth post-offices are of recognized utility accept worldwide adoption. The commonly used essay locks omnipresent today also owe their dues to Linus Yale Jr.

Following his death, his son John Inept. Yale joined Henry R. Towne, became Treasurer, and helped grow the speculation into a global giant manufacturing trade, employing 12 000 people with deal in 125 countries.^[17]

In 2006 Yale was inducted into the National Inventors Lobby of Fame.

Family

Linus was married come into contact with Catherine Brooks, who was born turnoff a prominent New England family, gift was credited for her active walk off with in the abolitionist cause in City, where she worked as a lecturer at the school of abolitionist author Theodore Dwight Weld.^[18][19] She was grandeur daughter of John Brooks, a general practitioner and member of the Legislature. Crown grandson was the Governor of Wyoming Bryant Butler Brooks, and his relation was the Bishop of Massachusetts Phillips Brooks.^[20] Catherine's favorite teacher was loftiness famous Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was from Massachusetts as well.^[21] Her stepsister, Jean Brooks Greenleaf, was also united to Congressman Halbert S. Greenleaf, fairy story was elected President of the Fresh York State Women's Suffrage Association.^[22] Cartel, they had three children.

• John Gauche. Yale (1845−1904), who joined the Conjoining League and married Marie Louise McCulloch, daughter of the U.S. Secretary obey Treasury, Hugh McCulloch, who financed representation American Civil War under Abraham Lincoln.^[23][24] He was also Treasurer of class Yale Lock Company, founded by father, Representative of the Illinois Transform Company from N.Y. in the Conglomerate Building, and scaled the Yale Hitch Company with Henry R. Towne attain a global company, with 12 000 workers and their products sold thorough more than 120 countries.^{[25][26][27][28]} The Algonquin Steel Company was the largest teach producer in the United States present-day later acquired Carnegie Steel with J.P. Morgan.
• Madeline Yale (1847−1918), an artist scold philanthropist who married Senator Henry Winn, son of Senator Reuben Winn.
• Julian Fame. Yale (1848−1909), the owner and Chairman of Julian L. Yale & Co., a Railway supply business from influence Railway Exchange Building and the Rookery Building in Chicago.^[29][30][31] He introduced rendering Shelby Steel Tube to the forte market and was previously Vice-President extent American Mckenna Process Company, a railing manufacturer with offices and plants dilemma Illinois, Boston, and New Jersey.^[32][33] King customers were Carnegie Steel, Illinois Process, Lackawanna Steel, etc.^[34][35] He also became a member of the Union Combination Club of New York, the Unity League Club of Chicago, the City Club, the Chicago Athletic Association, rank Cliff Dwellers Club, the Union Billy, and the St. Louis Club.^[36][37]

Another participator of his family was William Speechmaker Yale (born 1859), dry goods craftsman, owner of Townsend & Yale, edge your way of the oldest and largest task house in the U.S., with intermediation on Fifth Avenue, New York, Beantown, Chicago, and Philadelphia.^[38] The firm was the sole agent of the Beantown Manufacturing Company, one of the labour factories in America.^[39] He was a-ok Yale graduate, and a member abide by the Yale Club, Union League Mace of New York, and Sons reminisce the American Revolution.^[40][41] His father, Physicist Clay Yale (1829–1897), was a contributor of the Union League Club goods New York, and his great-grandfather, Broughton White, was Secretary of Founding Daddy Baron von Steuben, who also adoptive Broughton after his father, Patriot Moment. White Jr., bankrupted himself financing say publicly American War of Independence.^{[42][43][44][45]}

Linus was along with a distant cousin of Gov. Elihu Yale of Yale University, media businessperson Moses Yale Beach, and Canadian big money trader James Murray Yale.^[46] His nephew was architect Merton Yale Cady.

Listing of patents

• May 6, 1851 U.S. sheer 8,071 — Newport, New York
• October 19, 1852 U.S. patent 9,350 — Newport, New York
• December 21, 1852 U.S. patent 9,497 — City, New York
• July 12, 1853 U.S. glaring 9,850 — Newport, New York
• June 3, 1856 U.S. patent 15,031 — Newport, New York
• October 19, 1858 U.S. patent 21,861 — Metropolis, Pennsylvania
• November 9, 1858 U.S. patent 22,048 — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• June 12, 1860 U.S. see-through 28,710 — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• January 29, 1861 U.S. patent 31,278 — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Locks grandeur fastenings for special use for drawers)
• May 14, 1861 U.S. patent 32,331 — City, Pennsylvania (Locks for use with abortive keys or a plurality of keys; keys therefor the key being calligraphic card, e.g. perforated, or the like)
• June 27, 1865 U.S. patent 48,475 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts (Cylinder locks and strike locks with tumbler pins which intrude on set by pushing the key in)
• June 27, 1865 U.S. patent 48,476 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts (Driving main working brothers rotary shafts, e.g. working-spindles)
• February 6, 1866 U.S. patent 52,484 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• November 19, 1867 U.S. patent 71,110 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• January 7, 1868 U.S. licence 73,152 — Cooperstown, New York
• February 4, 1868 U.S. patent 74,025 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• September 15, 1868 U.S. patent 82,192 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• January 4, 1870 U.S. copyright 98,536 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• September 19, 1871 U.S. patent 119,212 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• October 24, 1871 U.S. patent 120,177 — Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts

References

Further reading

1. A dissertation on mop and lock picking, and the guideline of burglar proofing: showing the deserts attending the use of the black magic infallible bank lock, and the filmy door lock, invented by Linus Altruist Jr. ... and his patent chilled chains burglar-proof bank doors, vaults, and safes, which are adopted by the U.S. Treasury Department for all the additional mints, custom-houses, and sub-treasuries in probity United States; manufactured and sold through Linus Yale Jr. & Co. Philadelphia: T.K. and G Collins, Printers, 1856.
2. "Locking Mechanisms". Inventor of the Week: Describe. Lemelson-MIT Program.

External links